Obverse description : en deux lignes séparé par trois points.
Obverse translation : (Charles).
Reverse
Reverse legend : A-R-D-IS.
Reverse description : autour d'une croix sommée d’une barre abréviative, les autres bras étant bouletés.
Reverse translation : (Arles).
Historical background
CHARLEMAGNE
(09/24/768-01/28/814)
Charles became king in 768 on the death of his father Pepin the Short and shared the kingdom with his brother Carloman (768-771) under the watchful eye of their mother Berthe au grand pied. Carloman died in 771. From 773, Charles attacked the Lombard kingdom and captured Pavia the following year by dethroning Didier. He is crowned king of the Lombards and confirms Constantine's donation to Rome. The first expedition to Spain in 778 ended in failure (Roncesvalles). In 781, he named Pépin king of Italy and Louis, king of Aquitaine. In 788, he annexed Bavaria after deposing the duke. He led a great crusade against the Saxons between 782 and 803. The latter converted to •
French denier
Medieval coin
The denier (; Latin: denarius, Italian: denaro, Greek: δηνάριο, romanized: dinario; abbr. d.) or penny was a medieval coin which takes its name from the Frankish coin first issued in the late seventh century;[1] in English it is sometimes referred to as a silver penny. Its appearance represents the end of gold coinage, which, at the start of Frankish rule, had either been Roman (Byzantine) or "pseudo-imperial" (minted by the Franks in imitation of Byzantine coinage). Silver would be the basis for Frankish coinage from then on. The denier was minted in France, Cyprus and parts of the Italian peninsula for the whole of the Middle Ages, in states such as the patriarchate of Aquileia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Siena, Kingdom of Cyprus, and the crusader stateKingdom of Jerusalem, among others.[2][3]
History
Coin
Around AD 755, amid the Carolingian Reforms, Pepin the Short introduced a new currency system which was eventually adjuste
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Carolingian monetary system
Currency structure (Charlemagne, 8th C)
The Carolingian monetary system, also called the Carolingian coinage system[1] or just the Carolingian system,[2] was a currency structure introduced by Charlemagne in the late 8th century as part of a major reform, the effects of which subsequently dominated much of Europe, including Britain, for centuries.[3][4] It is characterised by having three denominations with values in the ratio 1:20:240, the units of which went under different names in the different languages, but which corresponded to the Latin terms libra (pound), solidus (shilling) and denarius (penny), respectively.
The currency reform carried out by Emperor Charlemagne around 793/794 was of crucial importance to the medieval monetary systems in what became the Holy Roman Empire and more generally affected European coinage for many centuries. Because gold could almost only be obtained through long-distance trade, while conversely there were quite a few silver deposits in Europe north of the